Departmental Preferences

Many disciplines prefer unique methods of citation. Following is a list of some of these idiosyncrasies.

• Anthropology uses endnotes, not footnotes, when applicable. Citations go in the body of the text, and the references for these citations are placed at the end of the text under the heading "References Cited" and alphabetized by the author's last name.
• Archaeology prefers endnotes over footnotes as well, in which the writer develops an argument, provides evidence, or observes that controversy attends an issue discussed in the text. A "References Cited" section is required on all papers, essays, and lab reports, and is alphabetized by the author's last name.
• Art and Art History generally use footnotes and a short list of "Works Frequently Cited" at the end. Students are frequently referred to Sylvan Barnet's A Short Guide to Writing about Art, available in the library and the Writing Center.
• Biology discourages footnotes, as primary sources are favored over excessive use of review articles and books. However, all outside sources must be cited, preferably in a "Literature Cited" or "Reference Cited" list at the end of the text.
• Chemistry students should use footnotes or endnotes rather than parenthetical citation, and should refer to the ACS style guide for questions about documentation, and should observe that styles vary among journals even within the same publisher (footnotes and endnotes are generally used).
• Classics uses a variety of citation methods; check with your professor.
• Comparative Literature uses the form for humanities described above (known as "MLA style").
• Economics uses parenthetical citations with full references at the end of the paper. Parenthetical citations note the date but rarely the page number.
• English uses MLA style as explained above.
• Foreign Languages use MLA style as explained above.
• Geology prefers parenthetical citations with a Works Cited list, alphabetized by primary author, at the end of the text.
• Government follows the social science pattern and prefers parenthetical citation to footnotes, except when preparing work for outside use. Bibliographies vary: they are always alphabetical by author, though longer ones are sometimes divided by time of source. Pre-law students should consult a law review for models.
• History prefers footnotes to endnotes and parenthetical citation (as parenthetical citation "disfigures the page and deprives us of the opportunity to…comment on sources," according to Professor of History Al Kelly). Footnotes should follow the format described earlier in this handbook. A bibliography should accompany a paper. Refer to "Footnotes," available online at the Writing Center home page or in hard copy at the Writing Center, or to the Chicago Manual of Style with any questions.
• Mathematics does not necessitate an elaborate system of citation; it suffices to refer to theorems merely by numbers or names. Results taken from previous courses are assumed to be common knowledge and therefore do not require citation.
• Music prefers footnotes to parenthetical citation, and students should follow the Chicago Manual of Style in their bibliographic references (e.g., Author's last name, first name. Title. City: Publisher, date.; or Author's last name, first name. "Title of article." Journal name V.Volume number (date), page numbers.)
• Philosophy professors ask that their students use internal parenthetical citation and a bibliography as previously enumerated.
• Physics uses endnotes in the following form: Author(s). "Article Title." Journal. V.Volume Number, first page number (year).
• Psychology demands parenthetical citation and eschews direct quotation in favor of paraphrasing. Professors refer their students to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, available through the department. Sources are listed in a Works Cited list alphabetically by author(s) and then by date within identical authorship. Psychology concentrators are advised to follow Appendix C in

Shaughnessy, J. J. & Zechmeister, E. B. (1997). Research Methods in Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

and may find http://www.psychweb.com a useful resource.

• Religious Studies prefers primarily MLA or Turabian style citations, and References Cited, Works Consulted, and Bibliographies of various types are alphabetical by the author's last name. Footnotes are discouraged for electronic assignments.
• Theater and Dance follows the parenthetical citation form of (Author) and necessitates a Works Cited list at the end of the text.

Scenes @ Hamilton