The Demise of Race Conscious Admissions
The Supreme Court's 2023 Decision on Affirmative Action

Common Ground will examine the Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard College and the Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina Supreme Court cases, which ruled that using race as a factor in college admissions is unconstitutional.
Moderated by Mike Grygiel ’79 P’23, Harvard Law School’s Annette Gordon-Reed and Heather Mac Donald of the Manhattan Institute will examine the decision and its impact.
Background
In June of 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court decided the companion cases Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (“SFAA v. Harvard”) and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina (“SFAA v. UNC”), ruling, in a majority opinion by Chief Justice Roberts, that Harvard’s and UNC’s race-conscious admissions programs violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Prior to the Harvard and UNC decisions, the Court permitted higher education institutions to consider race as a factor in admissions decisions under limited circumstances. In previous cases, the Court had upheld race-conscious admissions programs that were a part of a holistic review process in which race was one factor of many to be considered, recognizing that colleges and universities (1) had a compelling interest in the educational benefits of a racially diverse student body (2) provided that their admissions programs did not rely on specific quotas or racial balancing goals, but instead were based on the individual characteristics of applicants.
In the Harvard and UNC cases, the lower courts upheld the schools’ admissions programs, finding that the institutions had a compelling educational interest in maintaining a diverse student body for the following reasons: promoting understanding among racial groups, eroding racial stereotypes, and equipping students for a diverse workplace. The Supreme Court overturned the decisions by the trial courts. While acknowledging that these goals were “commendable,” the Court found that they were incapable of precise measurement and therefore “not sufficiently coherent” to pass constitutional muster. In making this determination, the majority opinion identified four characteristics that a race-conscious admissions program must satisfy for constitutional review purposes:
- First, there must be a “meaningful connection” between the means employed by race-conscious admissions programs and the goals they pursue. Harvard’s and UNC’s admissions programs came up short because the racial categories they employed were “imprecise” and “plainly overbroad.”
- Second, a candidate’s race alone may not be used as a “plus” factor in the “zero sum” environment of admissions decisions, because a “benefit provided to some applicants but not to others necessarily advantages the former group at the expense of the latter.”
- Third, race-conscious admissions programs cannot use race in a manner that reinforces racial stereotypes. The Harvard and UNC programs were found to be premised on the “pernicious stereotype that a black student can usually bring something that a white person cannot offer,” and were thus invalid on that ground.
- Fourth, a permissible race-conscious admissions program must have a “logical end point,” which the Harvard and UNC programs lacked.
Writing in dissent, Justices Sotomayor and Jackson (who recused herself from the Harvard case), joined by Justice Kagan, criticized the majority’s departure from the history of the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI as undermining their purpose of providing equality to African American citizens. Justice Sotomayor impugned the majority’s “colorblind” framework animating its equal protection analysis as “further entrenching racial inequality in education.” Justice Jackson emphasized the history of state-supported discrimination against Black Americans, and noted that this horrific legacy of inequality continues to affect society today. A refusal to acknowledge this continuing stain on our nation’s social fabric, Justice Jackson concluded, would allow for the perpetuation of inequality inimical to the Fourteenth Amendment’s “core promise.”
- Do SFAA v. Harvard and SFAA v. UNC sound the constitutional death knell for race-conscious admissions programs in higher education, or is there any room left after these decisions for learning institutions to consider an applicant’s race as a factor in the admissions process?
- Does Chief Justice Roberts’s majority opinion’s embrace of a “colorblind society” as an equal protection baseline reflect the lived conditions and experiences of under-represented minority group members in our country? Does that conception comport with the history and purpose underlying the enactment of the Fourteenth Amendment?
- Are alternative race-neutral admissions programs available that allow for the meaningful pursuit of diversity? What other factors might be considered without triggering a constitutional violation?
- How best can colleges and universities recruit and admit a diverse and inclusive selection of students commensurate with their educational mission and objectives?
Related Links
- Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College case brief
- Key Facts, prepared by Harvard College
- Harvard United in Resolve in Face of Court’s Admissions Ruling - The Havard Gazette
- Affirmative Action Bred 50 Years of ‘Mismatch’ - Heather Mac Donald - The Wall Street Journal
- Harvard Admits Its Preferences - Heather Mac Donald - The New Criterion
- ‘Dear Colleague’ Letter - U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights - February 2025
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